Yang pernah menjadi rakan kongsi Thor
Tinggi, berambut perang, maha kuasa... Thor sudah pasti objek keinginan dan mempunyai beberapa hubungan di alam semesta Marvel.
Sebagai tambahan kepada mereka, Valkiria, Brunhilda (satu lagi Valikiria) dan yang paling terkini She-Hulk. Ya betul.
Origin, theories, and interpretations
Thor closely resembles other Indo-European deities associated with the thunder: the Celtic Taranis,[72][73] the Estonian Taara (or Tharapita), the Baltic Perkūnas, the Slavic Perun,[74] and particularly the Hindu Indra, whose thunderbolt weapon the vajra is an obvious parallels noted already by Max Müller.[75] Scholars have compared Indra's slaying of Vritra with Thor's battle with Jörmungandr.[73] Although in the past it was suggested that Thor was an indigenous sky god or a Viking Age import into Scandinavia, these Indo-European parallels make him generally accepted today as ultimately derived from a Proto-Indo-European deity.[73][76][77][78]
In Georges Dumézil's trifunctional hypothesis of Indo-European religion, Thor represents the second function, that of strength. Dumézil notes that as a result of displacements, he does not lead armies; most of the functions of Indra have been in effect taken over by Odin.[79] Many scholars have noted the association of Thor with fertility, particularly in later folklore and in the reflex of him represented by the Sami Hora galles ("Good-man Thor"). For Dumézil, this is the preservation by peasants of only the side-effect of the god's atmospheric battles: the fertilizing rain.[80] Others have emphasized Thor's close connection to humanity, in all its concerns.[81] Scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson summarizes:
The cult of Thor was linked with men's habitation and possessions, and with the well-being of the family and community. This included the fruitfulness of the fields, and Thor, although pictured primarily as a storm god in the myths, was also concerned with the fertility and preservation of the seasonal round. In our own times, little stone axes from the distant past have been used as fertility symbols and placed by the farmer in the holes made by the drill to receive the first seed of spring. Thor's marriage with Sif of the golden hair, about which we hear little in the myths, seems to be a memory of the ancient symbol of divine marriage between sky god and earth goddess, when he comes to earth in the thunderstorm and the storm brings the rain which makes the fields fertile. In this way Thor, as well as Odin, may be seen to continue the cult of the sky god which was known in the Bronze Age.[82]
In modern times, Thor continues to be referred to in art and fiction. Starting with F. J. Klopstock's 1776 ode to Thor, Wir und Sie, Thor has been the subject of poems in several languages, including Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger's 1807 epic poem Thors reise til Jotunheim and, by the same author, three more poems (Hammeren hentes, Thors fiskeri, and Thor besøger Hymir) collected in his 1819 Nordens Guder; Thors Trunk (1859) by Wilhelm Hertz; the 1820 satirical poem Mythologierne eller Gudatvisten by J. M. Stiernstolpe; Nordens Mythologie eller Sinnbilled-Sprog (1832) by N. F. S. Grundtvig; the poem Harmen by Thor Thorild; Der Mythus von Thor (1836) by Ludwig Uhland; Der Hammer Thors (1915) by W. Schulte v. Brühl; Hans Friedrich Blunck's Herr Dunnar und die Bauern (published in Märchen und Sagen, 1937); and Die Heimholung des Hammers (1977) by H. C. Artmann.[83] In English he features for example in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "The Challenge of Thor" (1863)[84] and in two works by Rudyard Kipling: Letters of Travel: 1892–1913 and "Cold Iron" in Rewards and Fairies. L. Sprague de Camp's Harold Shea met with Thor, as with other Norse gods, in the first of Shea's many fantasy adventures.
Artists have also depicted Thor in painting and sculpture, including Henry Fuseli's 1780 painting Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent; H. E. Freund's 1821–1822 statue Thor; B. E. Fogelberg's 1844 marble statue Thor; Mårten Eskil Winge's 1872 painting Thor's Fight with the Giants; K. Ehrenberg's 1883 drawing Odin, Thor und Magni; several illustrations by E. Doepler published in Wilhelm Ranisch's 1901 Walhall (Thor; Thor und die Midgardschlange; Thor den Hrungnir bekämpfend; Thor bei dem Riesen Þrym als Braut verkleidet; Thor bei Hymir; Thor bei Skrymir; Thor den Fluß Wimur durchwatend); J. C. Dollman's 1909 drawings Thor and the Mountain and Sif and Thor; G. Poppe's painting Thor; E. Pottner's 1914 drawing Thors Schatten; H. Natter's marble statue Thor; and U. Brember's 1977 illustrations to Die Heimholung des Hammers by H. C. Artmann.[83]
In the fields of science and technology, Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) discovered a chemical element that he named after Thor – thorium.[85] Thor is also the namesake of the PGM-17 Thor missile.
In 1962, American comic book artist Jack Kirby, Marvel Comics editor Stan Lee and his brother Larry Lieber created a feature in the comic book Journey Into Mystery, a series featuring Thor as a superhero.[86] This version of Thor is portrayed as a clean-shaven blonde, instead of red-haired and bearded. The magazine soon added the backup feature "Tales of Asgard" in which Kirby illustrated stories from Norse mythology; eventually, the magazine was retitled Thor. Lee and Kirby included Thor as a founding member of their superhero team the Avengers. Thor has been portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe by Australian actor Chris Hemsworth, appearing in Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Team Thor, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame and Thor: Love and Thunder.[87] Thor has also been featured in comic books by other publishers. In the Savage Dragon comics, Thor is portrayed as a villain. In Neil Gaiman's Sandman comic, Thor is portrayed as a buffoon who wields a tiny toffee hammer.
First described in 2013, Thor's hero shrew (Scutisorex thori) is a species of shrew native to the Democratic Republic of Congo. It and its sister species, the hero shrew (Scutisorex somereni), are the only mammal species known to have interlocking vertebrae.[88] The team named the shrew after Thor due to the god's association with strength.[88]
From 2015 to 2017, a fictionalised version of Thor was a supporting character in Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard, a trilogy[89] of fantasy novels written by American author Rick Riordan and published by Disney-Hyperion, set in the same fictional universe as the Camp Half-Blood Chronicles, and The Kane Chronicles series by the same author. Neil Gaiman's books American Gods and Norse Mythology also feature Thor.
In January 2020, the streaming service Netflix produced Ragnarok. In the show, a high school student, Magne Seier, receives Thor's powers and abilities to fight the giants that are polluting Norway and murdering people. Netflix released the second season on 27 May 2021. Thor/Magne is portrayed by David Stakston.[90]
Thor is also featured in a number of video games. In the 2002 Ensemble Studios game Age of Mythology, Thor is one of three major gods Norse players can worship.[91][92][93] In Santa Monica Studio's 2018 video game God of War, Thor is mentioned throughout and his sons Magni and Modi are secondary antagonists. Thor makes an appearance at the end of the main storyline if certain difficulty conditions are met by the player.[94][95] He makes a much more substantial appearance in the game's 2022 sequel God of War Ragnarök as a primary antagonist, played by Ryan Hurst.[96] Thor is also mentioned in Ubisoft's 2020 game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, where items of his such as Mjölnir can be found and used by the player in combat.[97] Thor is also one of the playable gods in the third-person multiplayer online battle arena game Smite.[98]
2017 Marvel Studios film
Thor: Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Thor (2011) and Thor: The Dark World (2013), and is the 17th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost, and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston, Cate Blanchett, Idris Elba, Jeff Goldblum, Tessa Thompson, Karl Urban, Mark Ruffalo, and Anthony Hopkins. In Thor: Ragnarok, Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela (Blanchett) and the impending Ragnarök.
A third Thor film was confirmed in January 2014, when Kyle and Yost began work on the screenplay. The involvement of Hemsworth and Hiddleston was announced that October, and the film's title was revealed to be Thor: Ragnarok later that month. Waititi joined the film as director a year later, after Thor: The Dark World director Alan Taylor chose not to return. Ruffalo joined the cast reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films, which allowed elements of the 2006 comic storyline "Planet Hulk" to be adapted for Ragnarok. The rest of the cast, including Blanchett as Hela, was confirmed in May 2016, with Pearson's involvement revealed at the start of filming that July. Principal photography took place in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia, with the film also having exclusive use of Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, concluding in October 2016.
Thor: Ragnarok premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on October 10, 2017, and was released in the United States on November 3, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received praise for its acting and Waititi's direction, as well as the action sequences, visual effects, musical score, and humor, with many critics considering it to be the best installment of the Thor franchise. It grossed $855 million, becoming the highest-grossing film of the series and the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2017. A sequel, Thor: Love and Thunder, was released in July 2022.
Two years after the Battle of Sokovia,[a] Thor is imprisoned by the fire demon Surtur, who reveals that Thor's father Odin is no longer on Asgard. He explains that the realm will soon be destroyed during the prophesied apocalypse Ragnarök, once Surtur unites his crown with the Eternal Flame that burns in Odin's vault. Thor frees himself, defeats Surtur, and takes his crown, believing he has prevented Ragnarök. Thor returns to Asgard to find Heimdall gone and his estranged brother Loki posing as Odin. He forces Loki to help find their father, who Loki put a spell on after his presumed sacrifice years before.
With directions from Stephen Strange, they find Odin in Norway. Unpossessed, Odin explains that he is dying, Ragnarök is imminent despite Thor's efforts, and his death will free his firstborn child, Hela, from Hel, a prison she was sealed in long ago. Hela, a sibling Thor and Loki did not know existed, was the leader of Asgard's armies and conquered the Nine Realms with Odin, but he imprisoned her and wrote her out of history after she became too bloodthirsty and did not share his views on peace.
Odin dies and Hela appears, destroying Thor's hammer Mjolnir. She pursues the two as they attempt to flee through the Bifröst Bridge, knocking them out into space. Arriving in Asgard, Hela defeats its army, slays the Warriors Three, and resurrects the ancient dead who once fought with her, including her giant wolf Fenris. She appoints the Asgardian Skurge as her executioner. Hela plans to use the Bifröst to expand Asgard's empire, but Heimdall takes the sword that controls the Bifröst.
Meanwhile, Thor crash-lands on Sakaar, a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes. A slave trader designated Scrapper 142 subdues him with an obedience disk and sells him as a gladiator to Sakaar's ruler, the Grandmaster, with whom Loki has already ingratiated himself. Thor recognizes 142 as a Valkyrie, one of a legendary force of female warriors who were killed fighting Hela eons ago. Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster's Contest of Champions, facing his friend Hulk. Summoning lightning, Thor gets the upper hand, but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk's victory. Still enslaved after the fight, Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard, but neither is willing.
Thor finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar. A recording of Natasha Romanoff causes Hulk to transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since leaving Sokovia. 142 decides to help Thor save Asgard. Loki helps them steal one of the Grandmaster's ships. They liberate the other gladiators who, incited by two aliens named Korg and Miek, stage a revolution. Loki again attempts to betray his brother, but Thor anticipates this and incapacitates him. Thor, Banner, and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard, where Hela's forces attack Heimdall and the Asgardian citizens. Hulk defeats Fenris; Loki and the gladiators arrive to help, and a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to save the citizens.
Thor, battling Hela, loses his right eye and has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnarök can stop her, as she is too powerful. He sends Loki to trigger Ragnarök by placing Surtur's crown in the Eternal Flame. Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard, killing Hela. Aboard the Grandmaster's spaceship, the Statesman, Thor, now king, reconciles with Loki and decides to take his people to Earth. In a mid-credits scene, they are intercepted by a large spacecraft.[b] In a post-credits scene, the overthrown Grandmaster is confronted by his former subjects.
Additionally, Tadanobu Asano, Ray Stevenson, and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun, Volstagg, and Fandral, respectively, members of the Warriors Three.[23][41] Feige called their appearances "noble ends" that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters.[42] Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Dr. Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange (2016) on a brief appearance.[43] Rachel House, who has appeared in several of Waititi's films, plays Topaz, the Grandmaster's chief enforcer,[20][44] while Waititi portrays Korg, a Kronan gladiator who befriends Thor. Waititi provided a motion-capture performance for the character, who is made of rocks, and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft-spoken,[45][46] ultimately basing Korg's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers, as well as his friend and frequent co-star, Rhys Darby.[47][48] Waititi also provided the motion-capture performance for the fire demon Surtur, based on the mythological being Surtr, with Clancy Brown voicing the character.[49] Thor and Hulk co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor's hair.[50] There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World: Sam Neill, with whom Waititi previously worked on Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), plays the Odin actor;[51][52] Luke Hemsworth, brother of Chris, plays the Thor actor; Matt Damon plays the Loki actor;[52] and Charlotte Nicdao plays the Sif actress.[53] Scarlett Johansson appears as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow through archival footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015).[54]
While promoting the release of Thor: The Dark World in October 2013, Chris Hemsworth expressed willingness to portray Thor for as long as "people wanted more", adding that he was contracted for another Thor film and two more Avengers films.[55] Producer Kevin Feige stated that the next Thor would build from elements at the end of The Dark World.[56] In January 2014, Marvel announced that Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost would write the screenplay for a third film, with Feige again producing;[57] the story was being outlined that July.[58] At the end of October 2014, Feige announced that the film would be titled Thor: Ragnarok, with a scheduled release date of July 28, 2017. Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston were set to return as Thor and Loki, respectively.[3][10] Hemsworth earned $15 million for the film.[59] Feige added that the film would be "very important" in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU),[60] and also confirmed that, in the context of the film, the word Ragnarok means "the end of all things".[61] He felt that "people will [not] read into that title alone what the movie's going to be."[62]
In February 2015, Marvel pushed back the release date to November 3, 2017.[63] That April, Feige was expecting a draft for the film soon,[64] and a month later he stated that a director, additional screenwriter, and further casting announcements would be revealed "towards the end of the summer",[65] with filming set for June 2016.[66] The Dark World director Alan Taylor explained that he would not be returning, as "the Marvel experience was particularly wrenching because I was sort of given absolute freedom while we were shooting, and then in [post-production] it turned into a different movie. So, that is something I hope never to repeat and don't wish upon anybody else."[67] During the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con, Jaimie Alexander said that she would reprise her role as Sif in "a very pivotal part" of the film.[68][69]
I think the overall sense that I'm trying to give to the audience and what I want the audience to leave the cinema carrying with them is a sense of joy really... Sometimes I would stop and think, I'm doing a movie that's got Thor and Doctor Strange and the Incredible Hulk and Loki and every character is so strange and different... Civil War it's just humans, humans with human problems. Ours is creatures and beings and all these sorts of really different characters.
By October 2015, Taika Waititi had entered negotiations to direct Ragnarok. Other directors under consideration included Ruben Fleischer, Rob Letterman, and Rawson Marshall Thurber.[71] Elizabeth Banks had expressed interest in presenting a pitch for the film, but never ultimately met with Marvel to do so.[72] Marvel presented the prospective directors with "the ten different ideas that we had for the movie", asking them all to come back with a clearer picture of what the film should be.[73] Waititi created "a sizzle reel for the tone, and some joke stuff" using clips from other films,[73][74] including Big Trouble in Little China (1986).[75] Despite being a discouraged practice within the company, Marvel considered Waititi's reel to be "amazing",[73] particularly its use of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" for the score,[76] which Feige felt "defined what Taika was going to do with this". The song was later used in the film itself, and for marketing it.[76] On why he decided to pursue directing the film, after stating in 2012 that he had no interest in "big features, where the art of the project was sacrificed for profit", Waititi said he felt "like a guest in Marvel's universe but with the creative freedom to do what I want".[77] Waititi was confirmed as director of the film by multiple news outlets later in October.[78][79][80]
In the same month, Mark Ruffalo was also finalizing a deal to reprise his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films,[36] which was confirmed shortly after.[81] Hulk was last seen at the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) traveling in a Quinjet, which was originally planned to be shown flying near Saturn. Feige explained that this was changed to an Earth-based location to leave Hulk's fate ambiguous and dispel rumors that a film based on the 2006 comic storyline "Planet Hulk" was in development, since Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt the storyline at the time.[82] According to executive producer Brad Winderbaum, the idea to include Hulk in Ragnarok came early on in development, when the production team looked at the "Planet Hulk" storyline and felt it was a "no brainer" to integrate Hulk into the Thor franchise, exploring "the idea of a planet where there's gladiatorial games as a Thor predicament. [That storyline] was a really cool idea to us."[83] Feige further explained that initial discussions had focused on doing "something totally different with Thor", and that centered on continuing the relationship with Loki and ideas for Hela, Valkyrie, Balder the Brave, and Beta Ray Bill, "but we were like, 'We need something big.'" This turned to discussing Thor going to space, and jokingly calling it "Planet Thor", which led to including Hulk in the film and revealing that he ultimately went to space at the end of Age of Ultron.[82]
Also in October, Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that filming would take place in the country,[84] exclusively throughout the state of Queensland, including at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, Gold Coast. According to Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk, the production was to spend over $100 million in Queensland and employ 750 Queenslanders.[85] Hemsworth had asked Marvel to produce the film in his home country of Australia.[86] At the end of November 2015, Stellan Skarsgård, who portrayed Erik Selvig in the previous Thor films, said that he was contracted to appear should Marvel want to include him, but he was uncertain at the time if they did.[87] He later confirmed that he would not appear in Ragnarok.[88] The next month, Stephany Folsom was hired to work on the script, and Cate Blanchett entered final negotiations to join the cast.[15][89]
In January 2016, with the film beginning pre-production,[85][90] Ruffalo described it as a "road movie" and indicated that additional filming would take place in Sydney.[91] Waititi stated that he was working on the script "a little bit", mainly adding humor to the screenplay,[92] with Eric Pearson joining the project to rewrite the screenplay. Pearson felt joining presented many challenges, as "there were so many puzzle pieces already there," such as having Blanchett as Hela,[93] who was confirmed in the role a month later,[94] and including Hulk, Valkyrie, and Skurge, that he was asked to assemble. Pearson was told not to be restrained by anything from the previous films, and Waititi asked him to make the film fun and have Thor "be the coolest character."[93] Alexander said in early March that she was no longer sure if she would appear in the film, due to scheduling conflicts with her television series Blindspot (2015–2020).[95] She later indicated that this may not be the case,[25][96] but ultimately was unable to appear in the film due to the conflict.[97][98] Sif does appear as a character in the play based on the events of The Dark World, portrayed by Charlotte Nicdao.[53]
In April, Tessa Thompson was cast as Valkyrie,[11][34] with Natalie Portman not returning from the previous films as love interest Jane Foster.[99][100] Marvel never asked the screenwriters to include the Earth-based characters from the previous films,[101] and Feige said that Foster and Thor have broken up between films.[31] In May, Marvel confirmed Blanchett and Thompson for the film, announced the casting of Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster and Karl Urban as Skurge, and revealed that Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins would reprise their respective roles of Heimdall and Odin from the previous films.[11] In early June, Palaszczuk and Marvel Studios executive David Grant announced that filming would begin on July 4, 2016,[102] with Weta Workshop creating props for the film.[35] Before the sets for Marvel's Doctor Strange (2016) were demolished, Waititi wrote and filmed a scene for Ragnarok where Thor meets Benedict Cumberbatch's Stephen Strange. Marvel and Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson felt the scene was "kind of perfect" to show Strange joining the wider MCU, so the scene also appears during the credits of Doctor Strange.[43][103][104]
Feige noted that Ragnarok would primarily take place in the "cosmos" rather than on Earth, a departure from the previous Thor films.[62][105] He expanded by saying, "Tonally and geographically there are a lot of different planets outside of the nine realms that we visit" in the film.[99] Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson on space travel. Johnson viewed early drafts of the script, and gave Waititi physics ideas that could "wink at some of the classic old [Thor] stuff"; Johnson previously consulted on the second season of the MCU television series Agent Carter (2015–2016).[106] Astronomer-physicist Adam Frank was also a consultant on the film, advising on wormholes and interstellar travel.[107] Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi's major visual inspirations for the film.[108] Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson's "Ragnarok" story arc an inspiration for "really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively", as well as Thor: God of Thunder by Jason Aaron, which was the inspiration for Hela's design and abilities.[21] Waititi said the planet Sakaar, which is featured in the "Planet Hulk" storyline, was "the biggest shift for the film and these characters",[108] with Winderbaum describing it as "the toilet of the universe", surrounded by "wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons".[83] Also featured is Muspelheim, one of the Nine Realms, ruled by Surtur. Production designer Dan Hennah described it as a Dyson sphere, with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants.[109] Hennah hoped to give Asgard "more of a humanity" than in previous films, by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian. For Saakar's gladiator arena, Hennah looked at Roman gladiators, but differentiated from previous similar ideas by going "all alien with it". The arena is surrounded by "standing up bleachers".[110]
Waititi said that the film would reinvent the franchise, as "a lot of what we're doing with the film is, in a way, kind of dismantling and destroying the old idea and rebuilding it in a new way that's fresh. Everyone's got a slightly new take on their characters, so in that way, it feels like [this is] the first Thor (2011)."[8] He added that he had seen the other films and respected them, but wanted to focus on making a "standalone film because this could be the only time I do this. I just want to make it [my] version of a Marvel film in the best way possible."[9] This is something Hemsworth had hoped for, looking to have a lighter tone in Ragnarok compared to the previous Thor films, especially the second one, similar to Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). He said, "I feel we had less of the sort of the naivety or fun or humor that the first [Thor] might have had. I wish we had more of that in the second [movie] ... We've done regal. We've done Shakespeare, and we've shown that. I think now it's time to go, 'Ok, cool. Let's try something different.'"[111] Hemsworth continued that in order to prevent the character or film from becoming "predictable", there was "definitely a goal to do something unexpected...I think we want to get back to more of a sense of adventure and fun".[112]
The events of Ragnarok are set four years after the events of The Dark World, two years after the events of Age of Ultron,[3][113] and around the same time as the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), with Winderbaum noting that "things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three."[5] The events of Ragnarok also set up Avengers: Infinity War (2018),[8] and Hemsworth spoke to Infinity War directors Anthony and Joe Russo before receiving the script for Ragnarok to see how it would link to Infinity War. He said Ragnarok "definitely bleeds nicely into those [films]",[5] and Winderbaum likened Ragnarok's impact on the larger MCU to that of Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), saying it would break down ideas regarding Asgard that were previously established similar "to how Winter Soldier broke down S.H.I.E.L.D."[5]
Principal photography began on July 4, 2016,[102][114] under the working title Creature Report,[115][116] at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,[85] exclusively using all nine of the studios' sound stages.[117] Additional filming was to occur throughout the state of Queensland,[85] including Tamborine National Park.[23] The Brisbane central business district, where filming took place from August 22 to 25,[26][115][118] was used to double as New York City.[119] Javier Aguirresarobe served as cinematographer on the film,[114][120] describing his work on the film as "a rare combination of satisfaction and frustration", feeling that he was mostly there to service the director and visual effects supervisor, but felt "very happy to have been able to respond to such incredible technical requirements".[121]
Later in July, regarding the film's "buddy-style comedy" nature, Waititi said that the script had changed from then and it was still unclear what the final film would look like, but there "are buddy elements to it between Thor and the Hulk".[77] He said it would be a "'70s/'80s sci-fi fantasy" and "the most 'out there' of all the Marvel movies",[122] with the tone closest to that of Big Trouble in Little China.[75] Inspiration for the road-trip aspect of the film included 48 Hrs. (1982), Withnail and I (1987), and Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987).[8] Waititi also asked the heads of each department to watch Flash Gordon (1980) before beginning work.[123] Concept art released at San Diego Comic Con in 2016 revealed that the character Fenris Wolf would appear.[124][125]
By August, over 100 set and construction workers were given termination notifications, with some complaining that they had been promised work until October or November 2016, and that New Zealand crew members were receiving preferential treatment over the Australian locals. However, Premier Palaszczuk stated that the work for set builders simply "finished", and that other jobs would become available as actors arrived for filming.[126] Sets constructed for the film were for Sakaar, including the Grandmaster's palace and surrounding junkyard, as well as Asgard (based on the aesthetics of the previous Thor films).[23] The interior of the Avenger Quinjet, which was built for The Avengers (2012), was shipped to Australia.[116] Waititi, who is Māori, made hiring Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians, along with New Zealanders, a priority for the various departments, saying, "It's a responsibility you have to the Indigenous people. You're coming to a country and you're bringing money into the economy and creating jobs but I think you have an even bigger responsibility to look after the people that have less opportunities." He added that having these people on the crew "feel[s] very much like family" and "helps calm me down and makes me feel relaxed". The Indigenous and Aboriginals were hired as part of an initiative by Screen Australia's Indigenous Department, whose mission is "to give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a foot in the door of the film industry".[127]
In mid-September 2016, concept art seen during a set visit indicated Midgard Serpent would appear,[128] and that Sif and the Warriors Three, allies of Thor in the previous two films, would be addressed in Ragnarok.[33] Towards the end of the month, Sam Neill, who worked with Waititi in Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), revealed he had a role in the film.[51] Shortly after, Waititi teased the inclusion of the characters Korg,[129] who Waititi portrays through motion-capture,[45] and Miek,[130] who is not portrayed by an actor as he does not speak in the film, and is depicted as "a larva-like creature... [with] cybernetic legs and arms".[45] In mid-October, Waititi revealed that new camera technology had been used for a shot in the film, and that he had hoped to include John C. Reilly's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey from Guardians of the Galaxy in the film, but there was "no real way to pull it off".[122] Principal photography wrapped on October 28, 2016.[131] Second unit filming took place on Dirk Hartog Island off the coast of Western Australia, and in the South Island of New Zealand.[23] According to Waititi, 80 percent of the dialogue in Ragnarok was improvised, in order to create a "very loose and collaborate mood" among the cast, and as an attempt to replicate the tone and sensibility from his previous films. He stated, "My style of working is I'll often be behind the camera, or right next to the camera yelling words at people, like, 'Say this, say this! Say it this way!'"[132]
In January 2017, it was revealed that Pearson would receive sole screenwriting credit on the film, with the story credited to Kyle, Yost, and Folsom.[133] These credits were later updated the following September, with Pearson as the screenwriter and story credit for Kyle and Yost. Folsom took issue with Marvel marketing the film with these credits, noting the Writers Guild of America (WGA) had yet to determine the final credits for the film.[134] She later said that Marvel had given her a story credit on the film, but it was denied by the WGA due to their regulation that a maximum of two individuals can receive story credit, with an allowance for a writing team to count as one individual; Pearson and the team of Kyle and Yost received the story credit on Ragnarok. Folsom added that she planned to appeal the decision and that Marvel has been supportive of her throughout her attempt to receive credit.[135] By the end of the month, the writing credits were updated once again, this time simply crediting Pearson, Kyle, and Yost as screenwriters.[93][97][136]
In February 2017, Rachel House said she had a small role in the film, having worked with Waititi before.[44] Additional filming took place in Atlanta in July 2017, over three weeks,[137][138] including filming post-credit scenes.[139] One of these introduces the spaceship Sanctuary II, which belongs to Thanos in Avengers: Infinity War,[4] while the other, shown at the end of the credits, features the Grandmaster. Goldblum and Waititi improvised multiple versions of the latter scene; one unused version involved the singing of the Sakaarian national anthem, which was "made up on the spot".[140] Also filmed in Atlanta was the completion of a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World. Neill appears in the sequence as the Odin actor, and Hemsworth's brother Luke portrays the Thor actor.[141] Explaining the sequence, Waititi said, "if I was Loki and I was ruling Asgard, I would write a play about myself and force everyone to go and see it—change the details of the play and get a huge celebrity to play myself." For the Loki actor, they "really wanted someone good and someone who's funny", and Chris Hemsworth suggested that Matt Damon, whom he knew personally, take on the role.[52] Damon was in New York City at the time, and flew to Atlanta just to shoot the cameo "on a lark".[52][141] Also changed during reshoots was the location of the sequence where Thor and Loki find Odin on Earth, and Hela subsequently destroys Mjolnir. Originally set in a New York City alley, Waititi decided that the environment was distracting from the emotions of the sequence. The location was changed to Norway, which Waititi felt gave more weight to the scenes, made Odin's storyline more "authentic", and also allowed the characters and the audience to "chill out for a second, and have that moment, because the rest of the film basically just runs at a clip".[40]
By the time the reshoots for the film were completed, the film had been cut down from Waititi's initial version of two hours and forty minutes to around ninety minutes, with that expected to increase slightly with the newly filmed scenes. However, after the film's 2017 Comic Con panel, it was decided to add back a lot of the jokes that had been removed, with the final runtime being two hours and ten minutes.[123] Joel Negron and Zene Baker served as editors on the film.[23][116] Waititi described the process of deciding exactly what jokes to keep as "very tricky ... sometimes it would be funny in the beginning of the film and then not funny at all [or] it was funny in the wrong places and in the end, we had to just keep testing jokes and testing parts of the film".[142] Ragnarok also clarifies that an Infinity Gauntlet seen in Thor was a fake. Feige expanded, saying that it had been included in Thor as an easter egg, since Marvel Studios was "working on The Avengers and trying to [put] that all together for the conclusion of Phase One." However, shortly after The Avengers released and the studio began to solidify plans for Infinity War, they realized that the gauntlet seen in Thor could not be the actual one, creating an internal theory that it was fake; this resulted in the scene in Ragnarok, which was created "just [to have] the opportunity to call it a fake".[141]
Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic's (ILM) San Francisco and Vancouver studios,[143] with help from Base FX, Animatrik, and Virtuos; Framestore; Method Studios Vancouver; Digital Domain; Rising Sun Pictures; Luma Pictures; D Negative; Iloura; Image Engine; Trixter; The Secret Lab; WhiskyTree Inc; Fin Designs + Effects; and Perception.[23] Previsualization work was provided by The Third Floor and Day for Nite.[23][144] Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences, particularly for the characters Korg (receiving assets from Framestore) and Miek. Method Studios provided over 450 shots, including Thor's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela's fight against the Asgardian guards. D Negative worked on over 190 shots, creating the environment for the planet Sakaar, including its junkyard landscape and wormholes, with the wormholes also created through a collaboration with Digital Domain.[145] The film's main-on-end title sequence was designed by Perception.[146]
ILM, who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk, had to add much more detail to the character's facial features in Ragnarok due to the Hulk's increased dialogue. ILM visual effects supervisor Chad Wiebe explained that Ruffalo's expressions were captured fresh for the film using Medusa, a performance capture technology. With 90 different expressions captured, ILM "built an entirely new library that would allow [Hulk] to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics."[145] To help create the Hulk, a person on set was covered in green body paint, and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists.[83] Additionally, stunt actor Paul Lowe, who is under 5 feet (1.52 m) tall, stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk's stuntmen would be proportionally correct. In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted, a digital double was used for Thor, also created by ILM, to have greater flexibility for the shots. ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence, which was completed by Framestore using ILM's assets, as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence. Framestore completed nearly 460 shots, which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela, Fenris, Korg, Miek, the giant Surtur at the end of the film, and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard, based on assets D Negative had from The Dark World, resulting in over 263 character, vehicle, prop, and crowd rigs.[145]
Rising Sun Pictures produced more than 170 visual effects shots for Ragnarok. They worked on the Valkyrie flashback sequence, with the sequence's surreal ethereal appearance achieved through a combination of motion capture, computer graphics, a 900 fps high-speed frame rate, and a special 360-degree lighting rig containing 200 strobe lights to bathe the scene in undulating patterns of light and shadow. Rising Sun also helped create the various CGI aspects of Hela, such as her "hair wipe transition" to her horns, and her original introduction in New York City. Following the reshoots, ImageEngine completed the new Norway introduction since Rising Sun was focused on the palace fight by then.[147]
By August 2016, Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to score the film.[148][149] The synthesized score is influenced by the work of Jean-Michel Jarre.[20] Waititi stated he would have asked the band Queen to work on the soundtrack for the film if their lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive, because the film is "a cool, bold, colorful cosmic adventure" which would have suited the "feel" of the band.[150] Additional music featured in the film include "Immigrant Song" by Led Zeppelin and "Pure Imagination" from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). Patrick Doyle's themes from Thor and Brian Tyler's themes from The Dark World and Avengers: Age of Ultron, as well as Joe Harnell's "The Lonely Man" theme from The Incredible Hulk series, are also used in the film.[23] Hollywood Records released the film's soundtrack digitally on October 20, 2017, and physically on November 10, 2017.[151]
At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, a physical model of Hulk's gladiator armor was revealed,[152] concept art and rough animatics were shown,[124] and a "mockumentary" short titled Team Thor was screened. Directed by Waititi, it showed what Thor and Banner were doing during the events of Civil War,[124][153] with Daley Pearson appearing as Thor's Australian flatmate Darryl Jacobson. The short was released online in August 2016,[153] and with the digital download of Captain America: Civil War the following month.[154] Team Thor: Part 2 was released on the home media of Doctor Strange in February 2017, with Pearson reprising his role.[153][155] Footage and concept art for the film were shown at CinemaCon 2017.[156]
On April 10, 2017, the first teaser trailer was released. Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt it was "a strong start" for the film, having "a distinctly playful vibe" by setting it to "Immigrant Song".[157] The Verge's Chaim Gartenberg said "this may be the weirdest Marvel movie to date" thanks to the costumes, makeup, and '80s aesthetic.[158] Michael Arbeiter for Nerdist was pleased with the teaser, stating, "nothing in the MCU thus far can hold a candle to the imagination promised by this ... have any of [the previous MCU films] felt this beholden to what we've always known and loved as the adventure genre?"[159] The teaser was viewed 136 million times in 24 hours, the third-highest in that time frame, behind The Fate of the Furious (139 million) and It (197 million). It also became Disney and Marvel's most viewed trailer within that time period, surpassing Beauty and the Beast (127 million) and Captain America: Civil War (94 million), respectively.[160] The line from the trailer of Thor saying Hulk "is a friend from work" was suggested to Hemsworth by a Make-A-Wish child visiting the set on the day the scene was filmed.[161]
Props and costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 along with set pieces for photo opportunities.[162] The costumes were also on display at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con,[163] where Waititi and cast members promoted the film. Exclusive clips were shown, along with a new trailer.[13][24] Ethan Anderton of /Film felt "the blend of comedy and bright, vibrant comic book action" in the trailer was "incredible".[164] Collider's Haleigh Foutch was "in love with this trailer" and "all in" on the film.[165] Germain Lussier for io9 called the trailer "a two-and-a-half-minute ball of action, awesomeness, humor, and insanity that may be the most purely fun Marvel movie trailer we've ever seen."[166] The poster also released was praised, being called by Anthony Couto from Comic Book Resources as "quite stunning", "insanely colorful", and "perfectly symmetrical",[167] with Matt Goldberg of Collider feeling it "really [lets] you know that this Thor movie is going to be radically different than the first two".[168] Due to the Comic-Con presentation, Thor: Ragnarok generated over 264,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23, the most out of any film during that time period, according to Comscore and its PreAct service.[169] It remained the most-discussed film on social media for two more weeks.[170][171]
In August 2017, Marvel partnered with car manufacturer Renault on a commercial supporting the release of the Kwid in Brazil. Directed by Jonathan Gurvit and shot in São Paulo, it features the Hulk destroying a satellite headed towards the city. Framestore worked on visual effects for the commercial, building on the foundation they had from working on the character in previous films.[172][173] Also in August, Marvel, in partnership with Dolby Laboratories, Synchrony Bank, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Broadcom Masters, and Society for Science & the Public, announced the "Superpower of STEM Challenge", aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education) fields, to "create an original Do-It-Yourself project that can be replicated by others" and "help their family, community or the world be safer, healthier or happier". Five winners would attend the film's world premiere, receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios, and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank, with one grand prize winner attending "an immersive three-day mentorship in New York City with Disney Imagineering" to create a "professional-level video teaching other young people how to recreate" their winning project. They were also given the opportunity to demonstrate the project on Good Morning America.[174]
For the week of August 21, Ragnarok once again had the most social media conversations, according to comScore and its PreAct service. New clips of Thor and Hulk fighting, released on the same day as the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor fight, helped generate the 57,000 new conversations for the week.[175] From September 25 to October 15, Ragnarok had the second-most social media conversations according to the service,[176][177] and was once again first for the week of October 16 following the release of extended clips and plot details.[178] Beginning October 6, 2017, Disney California Adventure showed a sneak peek of the film at the Sunset Showcase Theater in Hollywood Land, presented in 3D with "special in-theater effects".[179] Ahead of the United States release of the film, Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Blanchett, Goldblum, Ruffalo, and Thompson appeared with James Corden on The Late Late Show with James Corden to present a "4D" version of the film, which was actually a stage play. The cast performed various scenes from the film live in low-budget costumes and with cardboard stage props.[180] Additional promotional partners of the film included Red Robin, United Healthcare, and Screenvision Media.[181]
Thor: Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on October 10, 2017,[182][183] and its Australian premiere took place on October 13, on the Gold Coast.[184] It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 2017,[185] with additional international releases on October 25,[113] and in Australia on October 26.[186] The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3,[63] in 4,080 theaters, of which over 3,400 were 3D, 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D, and 204 were D-Box.[187] The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally, which was a November opening weekend record.[181] It was originally scheduled for release on July 28, 2017.[3] Thor: Ragnarok is part of Phase Three of the MCU.[188]
Thor: Ragnarok was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 20, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD and On-Demand on March 6. The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes; audio commentary; deleted scenes; a blooper reel; and Team Darryl, a continuation of the "mockumentary" short films Team Thor and Team Thor: Part 2, in which the Grandmaster moves in with Darryl after Thor leaves.[189] In one of the deleted scenes, Michael Rooker makes an appearance as Yondu, reprising the role from the first two Guardians of the Galaxy films. James Gunn, writer and director of the Guardians films, clarified that Yondu was never meant to appear in the final film, and that Rooker was on a nearby set recording material for the Halloween variant of the theme park attraction Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!; and decided to stop by the Ragnarok set "to goof around".[190]
The film debuted at number one on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart during its first week of release, which tracks combined DVD and Blu-ray Disc unit sales, and a dedicated Blu-ray Disc sales chart. Blu-ray accounted for 83% of unit sales, with 11% coming from Ultra HD Blu-ray. Thor: Ragnarok also debuted second on the Media Play News rental chart behind Coco.[191] In its second week, the film fell to number two on the NPD VideoScan chart, coming in behind Justice League, but rose to number one on the Media Play News rental chart.[192] The IMAX Enhanced version of the film was made available on Disney+ beginning on November 12, 2021.[193]
Thor: Ragnarok grossed $316 million in the United States and Canada, and $539 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $855 million.[2] In September 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Ragnarok was the most anticipated fall film.[194] On the weekend of November 3, 2017, the film earned $25.4 million from IMAX showings, surpassing Doctor Strange as the largest for a November weekend.[181] The film had earned $650.1 million globally, surpassing the total grosses for Thor ($449.3 million) and Thor: The Dark World ($644.6 million), by the end of its third weekend.[195][196] It became the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2017.[197] Deadline Hollywood calculated the film's net profit as $174.2 million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations, and other costs; box office grosses and home media revenues placed it eighth on their list of 2017's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".[198]
Thor: Ragnarok earned $46.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $14.5 million from Thursday night previews), and had a total weekend gross of $122.7 million, which was the top film for the weekend, the sixth-best November opening, and the largest opening for all Thor films. IMAX contributed $12.2 million, which was the second-best IMAX opening of 2017 and its third-best November opening. The film's earnings on Sunday ($32.1 million), was the second-best Sunday in November after The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) ($34.5 million).[181] The film had been projected to gross $100–125 million in its opening weekend.[199][200] Ragnarok remained the number one film in its second weekend, having earned a total of $211.6 million, which surpassed the entire runs of Thor ($181 million) and The Dark World ($206.4 million).[201] In its third weekend, Thor: Ragnarok fell to third at the box office,[202] and fourth in its fourth and fifth weekends.[203][204] The film surpassed its projected total domestic gross of $280 million in its fifth weekend with $291.4 million,[204][205] Thor: Ragnarok was fifth in its sixth weekend,[206] and seventh in its seventh weekend, the final weekend it remained in the top 10.[207]
Outside the United States and Canada, the film opened in 36 markets in its first weekend, ranking first in all, and earning $109.1 million, $6 million of which came from 189 IMAX screens. The United Kingdom opening ($16.2 million) was the best October opening for a non-James Bond film. South Korea ($15.7 million), Australia ($8.4 million), Brazil ($8.1 million), Indonesia ($5.5 million), Taiwan ($5.4 million), the Philippines ($3.8 million), Malaysia ($3.5 million), New Zealand, Vietnam, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, and South Africa had the best October opening weekend ever, while France ($7.7 million) had the second-best. Brazil also had the third-best debut for an MCU film, while New Zealand's opening was the biggest of 2017.[208] In its second weekend, Ragnarok opened at number one in 19 more markets, with the largest November opening ever in China ($56.3 million, including $6 million from 446 IMAX screens), Mexico ($10.8 million), Germany ($8.9 million), and India ($5.5 million). It also remained at number one in many existing markets. The film earned an additional $13.2 million from 788 IMAX screens, the best November opening.[209] In its third weekend, the film remained at number one in over 30 countries, and became the highest-grossing superhero film in the Czech Republic.[196] By its fifth weekend, Ragnarok had become the highest-grossing superhero film in central and eastern Europe.[210] As of December 10, 2017[update], the film's largest markets were China ($112 million), the United Kingdom ($40.4 million), and South Korea ($35.1 million).[197]
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 93%, with an average score of 7.6/10, based on 440 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Exciting, funny, and above all fun, Thor: Ragnarok is a colorful cosmic adventure that sets a new standard for its franchise—and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe."[212] Metacritic assigned a weighted average score of 74 out of 100 based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[213] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, the best of the Thor series, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 90% overall positive score and an 85% "definite recommend".[181]
Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter praised Waititi's handling of "the clash-of-worlds CGI extravaganza", particularly for the lighter tone he brought, with "even the story's central bad guys [being] silly fun, hammed to the hilt by Cate Blanchett and Jeff Goldblum."[214] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "Both the banter and the fighting, it should be noted, are excellent, so whether you go to superhero movies for the glossy escapism or the pulse-pounding action, you'll get your large soda's worth."[215] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three stars out of four, described it as "the most fun you'll ever have at a Marvel movie" while praising the film's changing tone and direction, comparing it favourably to Guardians of the Galaxy.[216] The San Francisco Chronicle's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Blanchett, Thompson, Goldblum and Ruffalo, feeling the film "has confidence in its characters and in its own invention, and so it avoids repetition and stays fresh".[217]
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times similarly praised the film, calling the performances of the ensemble cast "outstanding" and Waititi's direction "goofy and campy and marvelously self-referential". He also said the soundtrack that was used in the climactic battle sequence, particularly Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song", was "perfectly synced".[218] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars, positively comparing Hemsworth's performance to Cary Grant: "Hemsworth's charisma holds [Thor: Ragnarok] together whenever it threatens to spin apart".[219] Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised Blanchett's performance of Hela, drawing a comparison of the portrayal of her character to other iconic villains such as Maleficent and Chernabog, and the film's similar themes and tone to Flash Gordon, Star Wars (1977), and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.[220] The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin gave the film four out of five, hailed it as "one of [Marvel's] best films to date" while commending the performances and describing Mark Mothersbaugh's musical score as "turbo-charged".[221] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune commended the performances of Hiddleston and Thompson as being "wonderfully matched". He also noted a similar directing style of Waititi to Edgar Wright's "parodic work" and labelled the film as "unusually lively and buoyant" while acknowledging the effect of a "Marvel Fatigue factor" towards the audiences.[222]
Peter Debruge of Variety called the movie "preposterous", but praised Goldblum's performance.[223] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated negatively that "Thor: Ragnarok is packed tight with zooming space vehicles and noisy thunder battles, but the movie's extravagant excess is more narcotizing than energizing." Zacharek further added that "Even poor Thor seems lost in all of it, and he's supposed to be its star" while criticizing the film's visual effects as being "an instance of fun overkill" and "a special-effects coma".[224] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the story "an uninteresting thicket of brawls, machinations and useful coincidences" but did feel that Hemsworth "looks happier and far more relaxed in Ragnarok than he did in the previous Thor vehicles, which is perhaps Mr. Waititi's truest achievement here."[225]
Some critics claim that Thor: Ragnarok conceals sophisticated commentary under its comedic presentation, specifically on themes of colonial history and indigenous people. Key points in this discourse include Waititi's own indigenous Māori heritage;[226] Asgard's bloody history and Odin's whitewashing of it, as revealed by Hela; Scrapper 142's burial in alcohol of her ethnic identity as a Valkyrie;[227][228] and the Grandmaster's euphemizing of "slaves" as "prisoners with jobs".[229]
A third sequel titled Thor: Love and Thunder was released on July 8, 2022.[244] Hemsworth, Thompson,[245] and Elba reprised their roles,[246] with Natalie Portman,[245] Jaimie Alexander,[247] Kat Dennings, and Stellan Skarsgård returning after not appearing in Ragnarok.[246] Portman portrayed her character taking on the mantle of Thor, similar to the comics.[248] Additionally, Chris Pratt, Pom Klementieff, Dave Bautista, Karen Gillan, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, and Sean Gunn reprise their roles as Guardians of the Galaxy members Peter Quill / Star-Lord, Mantis, Drax the Destroyer, Nebula, Groot, Rocket, and Kraglin Obfonteri.[249] Christian Bale joined the cast as the villain Gorr the God Butcher.[250]
By the release of Ragnarok, Waititi and Marvel had discussed a spin-off Marvel One-Shot short film following the characters Korg and Miek, but it was unfeasible due to Marvel's commitment to producing three feature films a year. Feige said Marvel still had plans for those characters, but did not specify.[251] Both appear in Avengers: Endgame and Love and Thunder.[252][253]
Sorotan dalam hidupnya
Thor sudah pasti menjadi salah seorang wira yang paling banyak terlibat dalam peristiwa skala kosmik yang bergema di seluruh alam semesta Marvel. Antara yang paling menonjol adalah yang berikut.
Thor ialah salah seorang pengasas The Avengers, fakta yang berlaku apabila beberapa wira-wira paling berkuasa mesti bersatu untuk hentikan Hulk yang dimanipulasi oleh Loki.
Thor telah mempunyai pelbagai identiti rahsia dan bergabung dengan mereka, sambil membuatnya empati kepada masalah manusia, juga menyebabkan masalah kepadanya. Pada suatu kesempatan, Infinity Watch, Thanos dan Doctor Strange bekerjasama untuk membantu Thor mendapatkan semula kewarasannya.
Peningkatan kuasa Thor tidak dapat dihalang dalam komik. Thor menerima takhta Asgard selepas kematian Odin, juga mendapat kuasanya dan menjadi sejenis tuhan yang akan memerintah bumi selama 200 tahun. Seperti biasa berlaku dalam Marvel, perjalanan masa membetulkan kekacauan.
Thor kehilangan keupayaan untuk mengangkat tukul selepas Nick Fury berbisik ke telinganya bahawa kami tidak akan mendedahkan kepada anda. Jane Foster, cintanya yang hebat, akan menggunakan Mjölnir dan dia akan mempunyai kuasanya.
Selepas Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) diperkenalkan pada 2008 menerusi filem Iron Man, ia bertanggungjawab mempopularkan banyak watak termasuk watak mitologi Norse. Siapa tidak kenal Odin (Sir Anthony Hopkins), Loki (Tom Hiddleston), Heimdall (Idris Elba) dan Thor (Chris Hemsworth). Tetapi jika diamati kisah sebenar dewa kilat itu dalam mitologi Norse, ia sama sekali berbeza dengan apa yang digambarkan MCU.
Pertama, dari segi penampilan fizikal. Tidak seperti imej Thor versi Hemsworth atau komik Marvel yang berambut dan berkulit putih, Thor versi Norse mempunyai janggut dan kulit kemerah-merahan. Dengan imej fizikal sedemikian sambil menghayun tukul kesayangannya Mjolnir, siapa tak kecut perut melihat kelibatnya. Ini juga menjelaskan mengapa gergasi atau jotunn dalam mitologi Norse lari tak cukup tanah sekiranya mendapati Thor menghayun Mjolnir dalam keadaan marah.
Dan jika dibandingkan dengan dewa-dewi lain yang direkodkan dalam sejarah, Thor dianggap yang terkuat dari segi fizikal. Selain kekuatan fizikal, dewa kilat Norse itu turut mempunyai tali pinggang khas bernama Megingjoro yang mampu menggandakan kekuatan yang dimilikinya. Selain dianggap simbol kekuatan, Thor turut melambangkan pokok oak, ribut dan kesuburan.
Bagi orang Norse, kilat bukan saja melambangkan siapa Thor sebenarnya. Bagi kita hari ini, kilat tanda kebesaran Ilahi. Tetapi bagi orang Norse, ia melambangkan pergerakan pedati kambing yang menjadi kenderaan Thor semasa ia merentas langit.
Selain sebagai simbol, namanya turut dijadikan sebagai nama orang atau inspirasi kepada nama hari. Hari Khamis atau Thursday dalam Bahasa Inggeris sebenarnya berasaskan perkataan Inggeris Lama yang bermaksud hari yang penuh dengan kilat. Semasa era Viking (793–1066 Masihi), orang Norse lebih suka menggunakan nama Thor pada nama mereka. Ini sebagai tanda penolakan mereka terhadap ajaran Kristian yang cuba disebarkan di rantau Scandinavia ketika itu.
Kedua, Loki dan Thor tidak pernah mempunyai hubungan persaudaraan seperti digambarkan dalam versi MCU. Loki lebih kepada sebahagian daripada dewa-dewi orang Norse dengan hubungan mereka bersifat pasang surut. Adakalanya, Loki membantu sambil memasukkan sekali elemen helahnya. Dan pada masa yang lain, sentiasa mencetuskan huru-hara dalam kalangan mereka sehingga mengundang kemarahan Thor.
Baik versi MCU mahupun versi Norse memperlihatkan Thor agak lembab dari segi kebijaksanaan – satu aspek yang banyak kali dimanipulasi oleh Loki. Dan disebabkan ciri ini juga, dewa kilat Norse itu suka bertindak melulu tanpa memikirkan kesannya di kemudian hari. Satu cerita paling sesuai dengan ciri Thor ini ialah kisah seorang jotunn bernama Utgarda-Loki.
Kebiasaannya, bagi setiap perjalanan ke dunia gergasi, dewa kilat Norse itu akan ditemani seorang pembantu manusia bernama Thjalfi atau Loki. Tetapi untuk perjalanan ini, kedua-duanya memilih untuk menemani beliau. Semasa melalui kawasan hutan, mereka bertemu dengan seorang jotunn bernama Skrymir. Skrymir memberitahu dia sedia membawa beg makanan mereka sepanjang perjalanan.
Tetapi apa yang menjengkelkan Thor ialah ialah beg makanan yang dibawa jotunn tersebut diikat ketat pada dirinya. Ini menyukarkan dewa kilat itu daripada mendapatkan makanan dalam beg berkenaan. Geram dengan situasi ini, Thor memukul Skrymir sebanyak tiga kali untuk mendapatkan beg makanan tersebut semasa jotunn itu tidur tetapi gagal. Malah, lagi menyakitkan hati, Skrymir menyangka pukulan Mjolnir itu sebagai daun atau buah akorn yang jatuh pada dirinya.
Selepas berjaya melepasi kawasan hutan, Skrymir menyerahkan kembali beg makanan kepada mereka sebelum berlalu pergi. Ketiga-tiganya kemudian meneruskan perjalanan sebelum sampai di istana seorang jotunn bernama Utgarda-Loki. Sebaik melihat kelibat mereka yang kenit itu, gergasi itu mentertawakan mereka dan memberitahu mereka tidak boleh menetap di situ. Tetapi sekiranya Thor, Loki dan Thjalfi berjaya mengalahkannya dalam tiga pertandingan, maka mereka dibenarkan untuk singgah di istana berkenaan.
Untuk pertandingan pertama, cabarannya ialah siapa boleh makan makanan yang paling pantas. Loki menawarkan diri untuk bertanding dan lawannya ialah seorang ahli istana Utgarda Loki bernama Logi. Loki berjaya menghabiskan semua daging dalam palung yang disediakan tetapi lawannya makan semua termasuk tulang dan palung itu sendiri. Akibatnya, Loki diisytiharkan kalah.
Seterusnya, Thjalfi perlu bersaing dalam acara lumba lari dengan lawannya Hugi. Walaupun diberi peluang berlumba sebanyak tiga kali, pembantu Thor itu tewas dalam setiap perlumbaan. Utgarda-Loki kemudiannya mengejek dewa kilat itu dengan mendakwa beliau tidak akan dapat mengangkat kucingnya dari lantai. Hal itu cuba dinafikan dengan mengangkat kucing berkenaan tetapi gagal.
Tidak mahu berhenti di situ saja, Utgarda-Loki mencabar Thor bergusti dengan penjaga istananya, seorang nenek bernama Elli. Kedua-duanya mula bergusti tetapi Elli jauh lebih kuat daripada apa yang disangka Thor. Tetapi dewa kilat itu tetap bertahan dengan nenek itu hanya berjaya memaksa Thor berlutut dengan satu kaki. Puas hati dengan apa yang dilihat, Utgarda-Loki membenarkan mereka tinggal di istana untuk semalaman.
Keesokan paginya, tuan rumah memilih untuk mengiringi mereka keluar dari istana. Setelah tiba di satu tempat, Utgarda-Loki mendedahkan siapa dirinya yang sebenar: Skrymir yang menemani mereka semasa dalam hutan. Dia kemudiannya memberitahu apa yang berlaku beberapa hari sebelumnya bahawa semua ini merupakan tipu helah semata-mata.
Pertama, dengan memukulnya semasa tidur, Thor sebenarnya meruntuhkan gunung-ganang dengan setiap hayunan Mjolnirnya. Kedua, Logi yang menewaskan Loki dalam pertandingan makan sebenarnya mewakili kebakaran hutan yang memakan semua benda tanpa sebarang halangan. Ketiga, Hugi pula mewakili apa yang boleh bergerak lebih pantas daripada kaki iaitu sayap penerbangan.
Kucing yang gagal diangkat Thor pula merujuk kepada ular tedung gergasi Midgard atau Jormungandr, ular yang mengelilingi dunia manusia. Ular ini kemudiannya akan menjadi lawan Thor semasa Ragnarok (peristiwa kiamat mengikut kepercayaan orang Norse). Sementara Elli pula mewakili usia tua yang tidak boleh dikalahkan semua orang termasuk Thor. Berang dengan pendedahan Utgard-Loki, beliau cuba memukulnya tetapi jotunn tersebut hilang bersama istananya.
Thor kemudiannya cuba mendapatkan Jormungandr semasa memancing di laut bersama Hymir (salah satu dewa Norse). Walaupun berjaya mengangkat haiwan tersebut, ia mengakibatkan laut bergelora sekaligus berpotensi menenggelamkan kapal yang dinaiki mereka berdua. Tidak mahu perkara tersebut berlaku, Hymir memotong tali yang digunakan Thor untuk menarik haiwan berkenaan. Walaupun dia memahami tindakan Hymir, ia masih lagi mengundang rasa kurang senang kerana terlepas mendapatkan Jormungandr.
Di sebalik perihal lembabnya itu, adakalanya Thor juga licik mengakali pihak lawan. Pada satu ketika, Mjolnir dicuri oleh seorang jotunn bernama Thyrmyr. Loki ditugaskan Thor untuk mencari siapa pencurinya dan itu mendorongnya terbang ke dunia gergasi (Jotunheimr). Di situlah, dia bertemu dengan Thyrmyr dan jotunn tersebut mengakui dia pencuri tukul Thor itu. Bagaimanapun, Thyrmyr bersedia memulangkan Mjolnir dengan syarat salah seorang dewi Norse, Freyja dikahwinkan dengannya.
Selepas pulang ke Asgard (tempat tinggal dewa-dewi Norse), Loki mendedahkan apa yang diketahuinya. Lantas, para Aesir (nama yang merujuk kepada semua dewa-dewi Norse) bermesyuarat dan pada awalnya, menyarankan agar Thor disamarkan sebagai Freyja. Bagaimanapun, Loki tidak bersetuju dan menggesa mereka menimbang semula idea tersebut. Pada akhirnya, mereka memutuskan Thor akan menyamar sebagai Freyja semasa di Jotunheimr dan sebaik saja Mjolnir kelihatan, rampas dan segera pulang ke Asgard.
Sebaik tiba di Jotunheimr bersama Loki (menyamar sebagai dayang Freyja), siapa tak teruja melihat dewi Norse bakal menjadi isteri seorang jotunn. Lantas, satu pesta diadakan bagi meraikan acara istimewa berkenaan. Walaupun rasa pelik dengan penampilan ‘bakal isterinya’ itu, Thyrymr langsung tidak curiga. Thor hanya menanti masa sesuai untuk memulangkan balik paku buah keras terhadap pencuri Mjolnirnya itu.
Apabila kedua-duanya hendak dikahwinkan di bawah seliaan dewi sumpah Norse, Var, Mjolnir digunakan sebagai cara memberkati perkahwinan Thyrymr dan ‘Freyja’. Ini kerana salah satu peranan Mjolnir ialah sebagai alat merestui perkahwinan. Sebaik melihat tukul kesayangannya itu, Thor segera merampas semula Mjolnir dan mencetuskan huru-hara dalam kalangan jotunn di situ dengan membunuh Thyrymr.
Semasa Ragnarok, Thor akan kembali bersemuka dengan Jormungandr. Ular ini akan mencetuskan huru-hara di lautan pada hari itu termasuk menyembur bisanya ke dalam air dan udara. Setelah bertarung untuk beberapa lama, Thor berjaya mengalahkan lawannya itu. Tetapi dia juga akan mati selepas bisa gigitan Jormungandr memberi kesan terhadap dirinya.
Dua buku best-seller The Patriots kini kami gandingkan sekali dalam versi bahasa Inggeris untuk kalian semua: World Without Walls III: https://bit.ly/3PR2Ep9 The Human’s Complex: https://bit.ly/3J2GoGF
McCoy, D. (2016). Thor. The Viking Spirit: An Introduction to Norse Mythology and Religion. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
J. Mark, J. (2018, 17 Disember). Thor. World History Encyclopedia.
Perhatian sebentar… — Sejak 2012, kami bersungguh menyediakan bacaan digital secara percuma di laman ini dan akan terus mengadakannya selaras dengan misi kami memandaikan anak bangsa.
Namun menyediakan bacaan secara percuma memerlukan perbelanjaan tinggi yang berterusan dan kami sangat mengalu-alukan anda untuk terus menyokong perjuangan kami.
Tidak seperti yang lain, The Patriots tidak dimiliki oleh jutawan mahupun politikus, maka kandungan yang dihasilkan sentiasa bebas dari pengaruh politik dan komersial. Ini mendorong kami untuk terus mencari kebenaran tanpa rasa takut supaya nikmat ilmu dapat dikongsi bersama.
Kini, kami amat memerlukan sokongan anda walaupun kami faham tidak semua orang mampu untuk membayar kandungan. Tetapi dengan sokongan anda, sedikit sebanyak dapat membantu perbelanjaan kami dalam meluaskan lagi bacaan percuma yang bermanfaat untuk tahun 2024 ini dan seterusnya. Meskipun anda mungkin tidak mampu, kami tetap mengalu-alukan anda sebagai pembaca.
Sokong The Patriots dari serendah RM2.00, dan ia hanya mengambil masa seminit sahaja. Jika anda berkemampuan lebih, mohon pertimbangkan untuk menyokong kami dengan jumlah yang disediakan. Terima kasih. Moving forward as one.
Pilih jumlah sumbangan yang ingin diberikan di bawah.
RM2 / RM5 / RM10 / RM50 — Terima kasih
Kemunculan sosok Thor Odinson di jagat sinematik Marvel memang menjadi sebuah tambahan yang menarik dan luar biasa. Seperti yang kita ketahui, sosok Thor Odinson terinspirasi dari mitologi Nordik yang sangat populer. Marvel Comics kemudian mendeskripsikan ulang karakternya untuk menjadi seorang pahlawan besar. Dan sekarang, popularitas Thor semakin meningkat dengan kemunculannya di MCU.
Namun, di dunia nyata sendiri sebenarnya mitologi para dewa bukan hanya ada di wilayah Nordik. Wilayah Yunani juga memiliki memiliki kekayaan atas mitologi para dewa mereka termasuk Zeus. Dua sosok dewa ini sangat populer, baik dalam versi mitologi dunia nyata atau pun dalam versi cerita komiknya. Meskipun begitu, yang menarik adalah untuk pertama kalinya kita melihat sosok Zeus versi live-action.
Sembilan Dunia di Mitologi Nordik
Foto: film viking - Pathfinder
Dalam mitologi Nordik, terdapat sembilan dunia yang saling terhubung melalui pohon Yggdrasil, yang dianggap sebagai pusat dunia.
Setiap dunia memiliki karakteristik dan penghuni yang unik:
Asgard adalah dunia para Æsir, atau dewa-dewa tinggi yang berkuasa. Terletak di atas cabang Yggdrasil yang dialiri oleh mata air Urd.
Vanaheim adalah dunia para Vanir, yaitu dewa-dewi kecil yang berdekatan dengan Asgard di lingkungan dewa.
Alfheim merupakan tempat tinggal para Elf, yang merupakan ras dewa kecil yang mengatur kesuburan.
Midgard adalah dunia manusia, tempat tinggal makhluk yang tidak abadi.
Jötunheimr adalah dunia para Jotun, atau raksasa, yang sering kali menjadi musuh para dewa.
Svartálfheim adalah dunia para Svartálfar atau Dökkálfar, yaitu kaum elf dari kegelapan.
Niddhavell adalah dunia para Dwarf, atau orang kerdil, yang tinggal di gua-gua atau di bawah tanah sebagai penambang dan pengrajin logam yang mahir.
Niflheim adalah dunia bawah tanah yang dingin, dihuni oleh para Jotun es dan dikuasai oleh Hel, anak perempuan Loki.
Muspell atau Muspellheim adalah dunia api, menjadi tempat tinggal bagi Surt, raksasa yang kulitnya seperti lahar dan rambutnya berupa api.
Baca Juga: Sinopsis Nothing Uncovered, Drakor Thriller Perselingkuhan
Mengapa Kapten Amerika boleh mengangkat tukul Thor?
Pada asasnya, kerana, seperti yang dikatakan inskripsi tukul, layak mendapatnya kerana wataknya yang tidak bercela. Atau seperti yang Thor katakan semasa dia mula-mula mengambilnya dalam komik (Thor nombor 390, April 1988) "berjiwa suci dan berakhlak mulia."
Ia adalah satu peristiwa yang agak, juga dicerminkan dalam filem, tetapi hakikatnya, sejak musim dibuka, ramai lagi yang mengangkat tukul. Daripada Iron-Man, kepada Loki, Red Hulk atau juga Magneto. Jadi anda lihat apa yang telah ditinggalkan.
Thor mempunyai galeri penuh musuh di antaranya adalah makhluk paling berkuasa di Marvel Universe. Lagipun, itulah yang diperlukan untuk menentang superhero yang hampir berkuasa.
Antara antagonis utamanya ialah:
Terdapat banyak lagi, seperti Penguatkuasa, Mangog atau Mephisto, banyak kali makhluk serupa dengan tuhan atau syaitan, kerana jika tidak, Thor menghantar mereka dengan jari kelingkingnya.
Sekutu utama Thor sudah pasti The Avengers, yang mana dia adalah ahli pengasas. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun mempunyai hubungan rapat dengan Iron-Man dan Captain America, dia sering tidak hadir untuk tempoh yang lama.
Sepanjang sejarah buku komik, Thor telah berjuang bersama hampir setiap wira-wira Marvel, tetapi beberapa watak yang paling banyak membantunya ialah:
Selain itu, dia mempunyai sekutu yang lebih daripada sekadar bertempur dengannya, yang membawa kita kepada…
Thor Dalam Mitologi Nordik
Thor merupakan pasangan dari pemimpin para dewa Nordik, sang All-Father, Odin. Selain menjadi pelindung Asgard, Thor juga merupakan pelindung wilayah Midgard alias bumi. Dalam berbagai kisah, Thor sering kali terlibat dalam pertarungan melawan para raksasa, juga para monster besar di bumi, seperti Jormungandr.
Thor juga merupakan dewa langit, khususnya gemuruh atau petir. Dia pun merupakan sosok dewa yang memiliki kekuatan dahyat untuk melindungi yang lain. Yang unik adalah Thor terkadang dikaitkan juga dengan sosok dewa kesuburan atau dewa yang memberkati setiap pernikahan. Sosok Thor juga dianggap sebagai “pencipta” wilayah Islandia, karena dengan kekuatan magisnya dia mampu menumbuhkan tanaman dan sebagainya.
Thor memang tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk melemparkan petir atau halilintar dari tangannya. Meskipun begitu, dia bisa memanggil petir tersebut dengan menggunakan palu ajaib miliknya, Mjolnir. Selain palu Mjolnir, sebenarnya sosok Thor juga terkenal memiliki dua senjata lainnya yaitu sebuah sabuk dan juga sepasang sarung tangan, yang sering dia gunakan.
Melalui jejak atau bukti arkeologis, penelurusan tentang kisah Thor bisa terlacak sejak era perak (Bronze Age). Dan popularitas Thor berada di puncaknya selama era Viking, sekitar tahun 790 sampai 1100. Bagi para penduduk Skandinavia, sosok Thor sering kali digambarkan sebagai seorang pejuang dan juga bukti kekuatan militer. Inilah yang kemudian membuat Thor begitu populer saat era Viking terjadi.
Dalam sebuah literasi bahkan Thor mendapatkan gambaran sebagai kebalikan dari sang ayah, Odin, yang cenderung mendapatkan gambaran sebagai sosok elit, penguasa, dan lebih cenderung berpegang kepada kekuatan sihir dan pengetahuan. Meskipun begitu, tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa banyak orang yang begitu memuja Thor. Bahkan, mungkin sampai saat ini.
Irvan adalah content writer yang berpengalaman lebih dari 5 tahun di bidang pop culture termasuk film, otaku stuff dan gaming. Di Greenscene, Irvan berfokus untuk coverage di topik seputar Otaku.
Sejak film pertamanya yang rilis pada 2011, Thor selalu lekat sebagai simbol dewa petir dalam dunia pop culture. Karakter Thor sendiri terinspirasi dari dewa petir dalam mitologi Nordik dengan nama yang sama. Meski udah muncul sejak lama di dunia komik Marvel, enggak bisa dimungkiri kombinasi “sihir” Marvel Studios dan karisma Chris Hemsworth bikin Thor yang diperaninnya menjadi begitu ikonis.
Sebenarnya ada banyak dewa petir selain Thor yang berasal dari berbagai mitologi lain yang cukup populer. Saking populernya, ada beberapa dewa petir yang menjadi inspirasi karakter-karakter dalam dunia pop culture, mulai dari komik, film, dan video game.
Kali ini ayo kenalan dengan beberapa dewa petir dari berbagai mitologi yang populer di kalangan pencinta pop culture karena kemunculannya di komik, film, atau pun video game.
Asal-usul Mitologi Nordik
Foto: Ilustrasi Mitologi Nordik (Englishpluspodcast.com)
Mitologi Nordik, yang juga dikenal sebagai mitologi Norse, merupakan kepercayaan dan cerita rakyat yang berkembang di wilayah Skandinavia dan Islandia selama Zaman Besi dan Zaman Viking (sekitar 790 SM hingga 1100 M).
Mitologi Nordik juga dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan dan ritual Indo-Eropa, yang dibawa oleh para pendatang dari selatan.
Pengaruh ini terlihat dalam kemiripan antara dewa-dewi Nordik dengan dewa-dewi dari budaya Indo-Eropa lainnya, seperti Zeus (Yunani) dan Jupiter (Romawi).
Selama Zaman Viking, mitologi Nordik berkembang pesat. Cerita-cerita tentang dewa-dewi dan pahlawan diwariskan secara lisan dari generasi ke generasi.
Cerita-cerita ini sering kali dihubungkan dengan sejarah dan budaya Viking, seperti pertempuran, pelayaran, dan perdagangan.
Dua sumber tertulis utama mitologi Nordik adalah Edda Sæmundar dan Edda Prosa.
Edda Sæmundar, yang dikumpulkan oleh Snorri Sturluson pada abad ke-13, berisi puisi-puisi kuno yang menceritakan kisah-kisah tentang dewa-dewi dan pahlawan Nordik.
Edda Prosa, juga karya Snorri Sturluson, adalah buku teks yang menjelaskan mitologi Nordik dan kosmologi Nordik.
Mitologi Nordik berkembang selama berabad-abad dan mengalami berbagai perubahan.
Pada Zaman Viking, mitologi Nordik digunakan untuk menjelaskan dunia dan tempat manusia di dalamnya.
Mitologi ini juga digunakan untuk mempromosikan nilai-nilai keberanian, kekuatan, dan kesetiaan.
Baca Juga: Ciri-Ciri Mitologi Yunani dan Sederet Dewa yang Memimpin!
Kumpulan dewa petir dalam berbagai mitologi selain Thor
Dalam mitologi Yunani, Zeus dikisahkan sebagai raja dari para dewa-dewi. Dia diceritain sebagai dewa yang mampu mengendalikan langit, cuaca (termasuk petir dan hujan), dan kekuatan-kekuatan ilahi lainnya. Zeus selalu digambarin oleh seniman Yunani dalam posisi berdiri dengan tangan kanan memegang petir dan duduk di tahtanya. Statusnya sebagai “Ayah dari para dewa dan manusia”, anak-anaknya pun juga jadi dewa-dewi yang enggak kalah populer, seperti Athena, Apollo, Hermes, Ares, dan lain-lain.
Statusnya sebagai dewa dari para dewa membuatnya populer di kalangan penggiat budaya pop. Makanya karakter ini muncul dalam sejumlah film, komik, dan video game. Salah satu karakter Zeus yang paling ikonis adalah Zeus, tokoh antagonis utama dalam God of War. Zeus juga jadi salah satu hero dalam Dota 2. Selain itu, ada juga karakter Zeus yang diperanin Liam Neeson dalam remake Clash of the Titans (2010) dan sekuelnya, Wrath of the Titans (2012).
Sama kayak Zeus, Indra dikenal sebagai dewanya para dewa-dewi mitologi Hindu. Statusnya pun benar-benar suci di mata penganut agama Hindu. Oleh kepercayaan Hindu, Indra digambarin sebagai dewa petir, dewa hujan, dewa perang, raja surga, dan banyak gelar dewa lainnya. Dia juga digambarin sebagai pemimpin delapan dewa yang menguasai aspek-aspek alam.
Dalam budaya populer, Indra enggak begitu banyak muncul sebagai karakter fiksi seperti dewa-dewa di mitologi barat. Salah satu karakter yang terinspirasi dewa Indra adalah Paras Gavaskar alias Indra, seorang mutan yang bisa mengubah wujudnya menjadi ksatria berbaju zirah dalam serial komik X-Men. Indra juga menjadi inspirasi karakter anak Rikudo Sennin dan leluhur klan Uchiha dalam manga Naruto, Indra Otsutsuki.
Bisa dibilang Jupiter merupakan versi mitologi Romawi Kuno-nya Zeus. Statusnya sama-sama sebagai dewa dari segala dewa dengan gelar Optimus Maximus yang berarti “dewa terbaik dan terbesar”. Dia juga digambarin sebagai dewa pelindung yang bisa mengendalikan langit dan petir. Jupiter juga dikenal sebagai penguasa tahta Romawi yang memerintah hukum dan tatanan sosial. Dia juga punya anak yang menjadi dewa-dewa Romawi kuno, seperti Mars dan Merkurius.
Sayangnya, popularitas Jupiter masih kalah dari Zeus dalam dunia pop culture. Enggak banyak karakter komik, film, atau video game yang terinspirasi dari dewa Romawi ini. Dalam semesta DC Comics, Jupiter digambarin sebagai tokoh dewa, tapi dengan peran yang enggak sebesar Zeus. Jupiter juga jadi inspirasi karakter Sailor Jupiter dalam anime Sailor Moon.
Raijin adalah sebutan untuk dewa petir dalam mitologi Jepang dan agama Shinto. Dia jadi salah satu dewa yang cukup unik. Pasalnya, dia dihormati sekaligus ditakuti karena wujudnya yang menyerupai iblis dan kekuatannya yang dianggap sebagai sumber bencana badai di Jepang. Makanya, untuk menghormati Raijin, masyarakat Jepang memasang lukisan atau patung Raijin di rumahnya agar terhindar dari bencana. Dia digambarin sebagai dewa yang sangar, dengan muka seram, badan berotot, dengan sayap bulat berbentuk genderang bersimbol tomoe yang berfungsi memanggil petir.
Raijin cukup populer dalam dunia pop culture. Ada cukup banyak karakter dalam komik, anime, dan video game yang terinspirasi darinya. Salah satu yang paling populer adalah karakter Enel dalam manga/anime One Piece. Selain itu ada juga karakter Raijin dalam game Smite. Raijin juga jadi inspirasi dari karakter Thundurus, Pokemon legendaris dalam game Pokemon.
Enggak cuma dari Asia atau Eropa saja, ada sosok dewa petir yang dikenal di benua Amerika. Menurut kepercayaan suku Indian, petir dan badai yang melanda wilayahnya adalah hasil kepakan sayap dari dewa petir berwujud burung bernama Thunderbird. Dia digambarkan sebagai dewa pengendali cuaca yang berwujud burung besar dengan tanduk dan paruh yang memiliki gigi. Selain mengendalikan cuaca lewat kepakan sayapnya, Thunderbird juga diceritain bisa menembakkan petir dari matanya.
Thunderbird enggak begitu besar pengaruhnya di dunia pop culture dibanding dewa-dewa petir lainnya. Makanya hanya ada satu karakter yang terinspirasi dari dewa yang satu ini, yaitu Zapdos, Pokemon legendaris dalam game Pokemon.
Dewa yang satu ini merupakan sosok dewa hujan dan petir dalam kebudayaan Maya. Chaac mampu mengeluarkan petir dan hujan dengan melemparkan kapaknya ke arah langit. Pada zaman dulu masyarakat suku Maya melakukan pemujaan dan persembahan manusia kepada Chaac untuk mengundang hujan yang berguna untuk menyuburkan pertanian. Meski enggak begitu populer, dewa Chaac menjadi inspirasi karakter Chaac dalam game Smite.
Set yang juga dikenal dengan nama Seth, Setesh, Sutekh, Setekh, atau Suty, merupakan dewa gurun, badai, dan petir dalam mitologi Mesir Kuno. Dia juga dikenal sebagai dewa kegelapan dan kekacauan. Wujudnya seperti manusia, namun dengan kepala burung berwarna hitam.
Dalam kisah mitologi Mesir Kuno, Seth diceritain sebagai pemberontak dan pembunuh yang sadis. Dalam budaya populer, Seth jadi inspirasi sejumlah karakter antagonis dalam komik dan film. Salah satunya adalah karakter dewa Mesir bernama Seth dalam semesta komik Marvel.
Rasanya, wajar aja, sih, kalau sosok dewa petir selalu jadi langganan dijadiin karakter dalam komik, film, dan video game. Soalnya, dewa petir secara kekuatan memang lebih unggul dibanding dewa-dewa lain. Selain itu, dari nilai estetikanya, karakter dewa petir potensial banget buat manjain mata. Nah, siapa karakter dewa petir dalam komik/film/video game favorit kamu?
Thor dalam mitologi Nordik dan film.
Nationalgeographic.co.id—Jika mendengar nama Thor, apa yang pertama kali dibayangkan? Pasti Anda menjawab salah satu karakter di serial film Thor dan Avengers garapan Marvel. Tapi, tahukah Anda? Kisah Thor ternyata ada dalam mitologi Norse atau Nordik.
Dikutip Theoi, Thor adalah dewa petir yang membawa palu ajaib yang hanya bisa diangkat oleh diriny sendiri, menurut mitologi Nordik. Palu ini disebut Mjollnir dan merupakan simbol Thor yang paling ikonik. Mjollnirnya akan kembali padanya seperti bumerang ketika dia melemparkannya ke langit.
Selain menjadi dewa petir, Thor juga merupakan dewa petir, badai, kekuatan, dan perlindungan. Dia terkadang dikaitkan dengan kesuburan, melindungi umat manusia, dan memberkati pernikahan.
Thor memiliki rambut merah panjang dan janggut. Dia sering menunjukkan temperamen dan mudah melakukan kekerasan, bahkan jika kekerasan mungkin tidak diperlukan.
Thor adalah putra Odin, dewa kebijaksanaan, puisi, penyembuhan, dan kematian. Odin juga dikenal sebagai penguasa para dewa. Ibu Thor adalah Jord, personifikasi bumi. Thor dianggap sebagai dewa Aesir. Dalam mitologi Jermanik atau Norse, dewa Aesir adalah dewa pejuang, itulah sebabnya Thor biasanya terlihat dalam pertempuran di kemudian hari.
Thor berasal dari alam dewa bernama Asgard dan alam manusia bernama Midgard. Asgard mirip dengan Gunung Olympus dalam mitologi Yunani. Kedua alam ini harus dipertahankan Thor di kemudian hari.
Thor menikah dengan Sif, dewi bumi dari mitologi Norse
Selain palunya, Thor juga memiliki ikat pinggang dan sarung tangan. Sabuk itu disebut Megingjord, yang merupakan kombinasi dari Megin, yang berarti kekuatan dan gjord, yang berarti sabuk, membuat terjemahan literal Megingjord menjadi sabuk yang kuat. Sarung tangan Thor disebut Jarngreipr, yang diterjemahkan menjadi pegangan besi atau sarung tangan besi.
Thor mengendarai kereta yang ditarik oleh dua kambing besar. Kambing ini disebut Tanngnjostr dan Tanngrisnor. Mitologi Norse menggambarkan guntur sebagai suara kereta Thor yang ditarik melintasi langit. Hari ini, hari dalam seminggu, Kamis adalah variasi dari hari Thor, dinamai dari dewa Norse Thor.
Dewa Yunani Setara dengan Thor
Karena Thor adalah dewa Nordik, dia tidak dianggap sebagai dewa dalam mitologi Yunani. Namun, seperti kebanyakan mitologi, ada bahasa Yunani yang setara dengan Romawi, Norse. Oleh karena itu, jika Anda ingin melihat Thor sebagai dewa Yunani, Anda akan melihat dewa Yunani, Zeus. Thor dan Zeus sama-sama dewa yang kuat, membuat mereka sangat mirip.
Baca Juga: Perang Titan, Asal-usul Zeus Jadi Dewa Terkuat dalam Mitologi Yunani
Baca Juga: Mitologi Yunani: Hera Menggulingkan Zeus, Dendam Gara-gara Selingkuh
Baca Juga: Tak Sebanyak Selingkuhannya, Inilah Deretan Istri Abadi Zeus
Dalam mitologi Yunani, Zeus juga disebut dewa guntur, tetapi ia mencakup lebih banyak tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan.
Zeus adalah dewa langit, yang meliputi guntur, kilat, hujan, dan cuaca, tetapi lebih dari itu, dia adalah raja para dewa. Tidak seperti Thor, yang biasanya bereaksi dengan kekerasan impulsif yang hebat, Zeus memiliki lebih banyak kebijaksanaan, kearifan, keadilan, dan keadilan.
Perbedaan antara Thor dan Zeus
Perbedaan utama pertama antara Thor dan Zeus berasal dari hubungan masing-masing dewa dengan ayahnya. Thor sangat dekat dengan ayahnya, Odin, sedangkan Zeus membenci ayahnya, dewa Titan Cronus. Thor tidak bisa melempar petir dan halilintar seperti yang bisa dilakukan Zeus. Tetapi, Thor memiliki palu ajaibnya Mjollnir yang dapat menghasilkan hasil yang sama dengan petir Zeus.
Pada intinya, Thor telah menjadi salah satu dewa Norse paling ikonik karena palu dan status menonjol yang dimilikinya di Asgard. Marvel Comics dan Marvel Studios telah membantu menceritakan kisah Thor melalui serial film Thor dan Avengers.
Namun, penggambaran di film jelas sedikit berbeda dari mitologi aslinya alias telah diadaptasi kembali.
Varuna, Dewa Langit dan Lautan yang 'Ambigu' dalam Tradisi Hindu Kuno
Terima kasih kepada Marvel Cinematic Universe, dan peranan cemerlang Chris Hemsworth, Thor telah menjadi salah satu wira-wira paling popular. Dan supaya anda tidak terlepas sebarang butiran, kami membawakan anda a panduan lengkap watak Thor dalam komik. Siapa dia, apa kuasanya, apa nama tukulnya yang kuat dan banyak lagi. Seperti yang anda akan lihat, kehidupan Thor penuh dengan fakta dan butiran yang sangat penting untuk alam semesta Marvel.
Bahawa Thor telah mengukir niche untuk dirinya sendiri di kalangan wira-wira Marvel yang paling terkenal tidak boleh dipertikaikan. Tidak begitu dikenali sebagai Spider-Man atau Captain America, dia, bagaimanapun, jauh lebih berkuasa daripada mereka dan telah memainkan peranan asas dalam sejarah komik.
jadi begini semua yang anda ingin tahu tentang watak Thor dalam komik dan anda tidak pernah berani bertanya.
Thor Odinson, dewa guruh, adalah seorang adiwira dari bangsa Asgardian, makhluk yang sangat berkuasa sehingga mereka disembah sebagai tuhan Oleh manusia. Anak kepada Odin, bapa kepada semua, dan kepada rambut api, avatar mutan Pasukan Phoenix yang berkuasa, mempunyai sikap kurang ajar dan agak tidak bertanggungjawab.
Atas sebab ini, bapanya menghukumnya dengan menghantarnya ke Bumi (Midgard untuk Asgardians) dengan ingatan terpadam dan identiti seorang doktor kurang upaya bernama Donald Blake.
Selepas mempelajari nilai mengambil berat terhadap orang lain dan merendah diri tentang kecederaannya, dia mendapat semula kuasanya dan menjadi seorang adiwira yang penting daripada Marvel.
Separuh Asgardian dan separuh mutan, dia boleh dikatakan seorang tuhan. Itu memberi anda:
Dan saya boleh membuat senarai yang tidak berkesudahan, kerana telah mempamerkan hampir semua kebolehan manusia luar biasa, yang membawa kepada soalan utama, yang kutu Mereka telah dilakukan sejak awal zaman.
Dewa-Dewi Mitologi Nordik
Foto: Film Thor (instagram.com/marvelindonesia)
Mitologi Nordik kaya akan cerita tentang dewa-dewi yang memiliki kekuatan dan kepribadian yang unik.
Berikut adalah beberapa dewa-dewi utama dalam mitologi Nordik:
Dipercaya sebagai makhluk pertama atau dewa pertama yang lahir dari es yang dijilat oleh Audhumbla. Ia adalah ayah dari Borr.
Merupakan ayah dari Odin, Ve, dan Vili, yang diperolehnya dari istri seorang raksasa bernama Bestla.
Raja para dewa, pemimpin Asgard, dan dewa kebijaksanaan, pengetahuan, dan peperangan.
Hammer-wielding Germanic god associated with thunder
Thor (from Old Norse: Þórr) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism. In Norse mythology, he is a hammer-wielding god associated with lightning, thunder, storms, sacred groves and trees, strength, the protection of humankind, hallowing, and fertility. Besides Old Norse Þórr, the deity occurs in Old English as Thunor, in Old Frisian as Thuner, in Old Saxon as Thunar, and in Old High German as Donar, all ultimately stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Þun(a)raz, meaning 'Thunder'.
Thor is a prominently mentioned god throughout the recorded history of the Germanic peoples, from the Roman occupation of regions of Germania, to the Germanic expansions of the Migration Period, to his high popularity during the Viking Age, when, in the face of the process of the Christianization of Scandinavia, emblems of his hammer, Mjölnir, were worn and Norse pagan personal names containing the name of the god bear witness to his popularity.
Narratives featuring Thor are most prominently attested in Old Norse, where Thor appears throughout Norse mythology. In stories recorded in medieval Iceland, Thor bears at least fifteen names, is the husband of the golden-haired goddess Sif and the lover of the jötunn Járnsaxa. With Sif, Thor fathered the goddess (and possible valkyrie) Þrúðr; with Járnsaxa, he fathered Magni; with a mother whose name is not recorded, he fathered Móði, and he is the stepfather of the god Ullr. Thor is the son of Odin and Jörð, by way of his father Odin, he has numerous brothers, including Baldr. Thor has two servants, Þjálfi and Röskva, rides in a cart or chariot pulled by two goats, Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr (whom he eats and resurrects), and is ascribed three dwellings (Bilskirnir, Þrúðheimr, and Þrúðvangr). Thor wields the hammer Mjölnir, wears the belt Megingjörð and the iron gloves Járngreipr, and owns the staff Gríðarvölr. Thor's exploits, including his relentless slaughter of his foes and fierce battles with the monstrous serpent Jörmungandr—and their foretold mutual deaths during the events of Ragnarök—are recorded throughout sources for Norse mythology.
Into the modern period, Thor continued to be acknowledged in folklore throughout Germanic-speaking Europe. Thor is frequently referred to in place names, the day of the week Thursday bears his name (modern English Thursday derives from Old English thunresdaeġ, 'Thunor's day'), and names stemming from the pagan period containing his own continue to be used today, particularly in Scandinavia. Thor has inspired numerous works of art and references to Thor appear in modern popular culture. Like other Germanic deities, veneration of Thor is revived in the modern period in Heathenry.
The name Thor is derived from Norse mythology. Its medieval Germanic equivalents or cognates are Donar (Old High German), Þunor (Old English), Thuner (Old Frisian), Thunar (Old Saxon), and Þórr (Old Norse),[2] the latter of which inspired the form Thor. Though Old Norse Þórr has only one syllable, it too comes from an earlier, Proto-Norse two-syllable form which can be reconstructed as *Þunarr and/or *Þunurr (evidenced by the poems Hymiskviða and Þórsdrápa, and modern Elfdalian tųosdag 'Thursday'), through the common Old Norse development of the sequence -unr- to -ór-.[3]
All these forms of Thor's name descend from Proto-Germanic, but there is debate as to precisely what form the name took at that early stage. The form *Þunraz has been suggested[by whom?] and has the attraction of clearly containing the sequence -unr-, needed to explain the later form Þórr.[3]: 708 The form *Þunuraz is suggested by Elfdalian tųosdag ('Thursday') and by a runic inscription from around 700 from Hallbjäns in Sundre, Gotland, which includes the sequence "þunurþurus".[3]: 709–11 Finally, *Þunaraz[4] is attractive because it is identical to the name of the ancient Celtic god Taranus (by metathesis–switch of sounds–of an earlier *Tonaros, attested in the dative tanaro and the Gaulish river name Tanarus), and further related to the Latin epithet Tonans (attached to Jupiter), via the common Proto-Indo-European root for 'thunder' *(s)tenh₂-.[5] According to scholar Peter Jackson, those theonyms may have emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or epiclesis, i.e. invocational name) of the Proto-Indo-European thunder-god *Perkwunos, since the Vedic weather-god Parjanya is also called stanayitnú- ('Thunderer').[6] The potentially perfect match between the thunder-gods *Tonaros and *Þunaraz, which both go back to a common form *ton(a)ros ~ *tṇros, is notable in the context of early Celtic–Germanic linguistic contacts, especially when added to other inherited terms with thunder attributes, such as *Meldunjaz–*meldo- (from *meldh- 'lightning, hammer', i.e. *Perkwunos' weapon) and *Fergunja–*Fercunyā (from *perkwun-iyā 'wooded mountains', i.e. *Perkwunos' realm).
The English weekday name Thursday comes from Old English Þunresdæg, meaning 'day of Þunor', with influence from Old Norse Þórsdagr. The name is cognate with Old High German Donarestag. All of these terms derive from a Late Proto-Germanic weekday name along the lines of *Þunaresdagaz ('Day of *Þun(a)raz'), a calque of Latin Iovis dies ('Day of Jove'; cf. modern Italian giovedì, French jeudi, Spanish jueves). By employing a practice known as interpretatio germanica during the Roman period, ancient Germanic peoples adopted the Latin weekly calendar and replaced the names of Roman gods with their own.[9]
Beginning in the Viking Age, personal names containing the theonym Þórr are recorded with great frequency, whereas no examples are known prior to this period. Þórr-based names may have flourished during the Viking Age as a defiant response to attempts at Christianization, similar to the widespread Viking Age practice of wearing Thor's hammer pendants.
